National Instruments Wireless Office Headset NI PXI PCI 1411 User Manual

NI Vision  
NI PXI/PCI-1411 User Manual  
Single-Channel Color Image Acquisition Device  
NI PXI/PCI-1411 User Manual  
February 2007  
372157D-01  
 
 
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Determining FCC Class  
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Conventions  
The following conventions are used in this manual:  
»
The » symbol leads you through nested menu items and dialog box options  
to a final action. The sequence File»Page Setup»Options directs you to  
pull down the File menu, select the Page Setup item, and select Options  
from the last dialog box.  
The symbol indicates that the following text applies only to a specific  
product, a specific operating system, or a specific software version.  
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When symbol is marked on a product, it denotes a warning advising you to  
take precautions to avoid electrical shock.  
bold  
Bold text denotes items that you must select or click in the software, such  
as menu items and dialog box options. Bold text also denotes parameter  
names.  
italic  
Italic text denotes variables, emphasis, a cross-reference, or an introduction  
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or value that you must supply.  
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Text in this font denotes text or characters that you should enter from the  
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This font is also used for the proper names of disk drives, paths, directories,  
programs, subprograms, subroutines, device names, functions, operations,  
variables, filenames, and extensions.  
 
 
Chapter 1  
Software Overview ........................................................................................................1-2  
NI-IMAQ Driver Software..............................................................................1-2  
Vision Builder for Automated Inspection.........................................1-3  
Chapter 2  
Acquisition, Scaling, ROI................................................................................2-3  
Scatter-Gather DMA Controllers ....................................................................2-3  
Board Configuration NVRAM........................................................................2-4  
Chapter 3  
I/O Connector ................................................................................................................3-1  
Signal Description..........................................................................................................3-2  
Custom Cables ...............................................................................................................3-2  
Appendix A  
Introduction to Color  
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Contents  
Technical Support and Professional Services  
Glossary  
Index  
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1
Introduction  
This chapter describes the NI PXI/PCI-1411 (NI 1411) and describes your  
software programming choices.  
About the NI 1411  
The NI 1411 is a monochrome and color image acquisition device for PXI,  
PCI, or CompactPCI chassis that supports a diverse range of analog  
cameras from many camera companies. The NI 1411 acquires images in  
real time and can store these images in onboard frame memory, or transfer  
these images directly to system memory.  
The NI 1411 is simple to configure so that you can easily install the device  
and begin acquiring images. The NI 1411 ships with NI Vision Acquisition  
Software, which includes NI-IMAQ, the National Instruments driver  
software you can use to directly control the NI 1411 and other National  
Instruments image acquisition devices. Using NI-IMAQ, you can quickly  
and easily start your applications without having to program the device at  
the register level.  
The NI 1411 features a precision color analog video decoder ideal for both  
industrial and scientific environments. The NI 1411 device supports both  
NTSC and PAL color standards as well as the RS-170 and CCIR  
monochrome standards. The NI 1411 also provides one external I/O line  
that you can use as a trigger or as a digital input/output (I/O) line. If you  
require more advanced triggering or digital I/O lines, you can use the  
NI 1411 and NI-IMAQ with the National Instruments data acquisition  
(DAQ) product line.  
For detailed specifications of the NI 1411, refer to the Specifications  
section of Getting Started with the NI PXI/PCI-1411.  
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Chapter 1  
Introduction  
Using PXI with CompactPCI  
Using PXI-compatible products with standard CompactPCI products is an  
important feature provided by the PXI Specification, Revision 1.0. If you  
use a PXI-compatible plug-in device in a standard CompactPCI chassis,  
you cannot use PXI-specific functions, but you can still use the basic  
plug-in device functions.  
The CompactPCI specification permits vendors to develop sub-buses that  
coexist with the basic PCI interface on the CompactPCI bus. Compatible  
operation is not guaranteed between CompactPCI devices with different  
sub-buses nor between CompactPCI devices with sub-buses and PXI.  
The standard implementation for CompactPCI does not include these  
sub-buses. The NI 1411 device will work in any standard CompactPCI  
chassis adhering to the PICMG 2.0 R2.1 CompactPCI core specification.  
Software Overview  
Programming the NI 1411 requires the NI-IMAQ driver software for  
controlling the hardware. National Instruments also offers the following  
application software packages for analyzing and processing your acquired  
images.  
Vision Builder for Automated Inspection (AI)—Allows you to  
configure solutions to common inspection tasks.  
National Instruments Vision Development Module—Provides  
customized control over hardware and algorithms.  
The following sections provide an overview of the driver software and the  
application software. For detailed information about individual software  
packages, refer to the documentation specific to each package.  
NI-IMAQ Driver Software  
The NI 1411 ships with NI Vision Acquisition Software, which includes  
the NI-IMAQ driver software. NI-IMAQ has an extensive library of  
functions—such as routines for video configuration, continuous and single  
shot image acquisition, memory buffer allocation, trigger control, and  
device configuration—you can call from the application development  
environment (ADE). NI-IMAQ handles many of the complex issues  
between the computer and the image acquisition device, such as  
programming interrupts and camera control.  
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Introduction  
NI-IMAQ performs all functions required for acquiring and saving images  
but does not perform image analysis. For image analysis functionality, refer  
to the National Instruments Application Software section of this chapter.  
NI-IMAQ also provides the interface path between the NI 1411 and  
LabVIEW, LabWindows/CVI, or a text-based programming  
environment. The NI-IMAQ software kit includes a series of libraries for  
image acquisition for LabVIEW, LabWindows/CVI, and Measurement  
Studio, which contains libraries for Microsoft Visual Basic.  
NI-IMAQ features both high-level and low-level functions. Examples of  
high-level functions include the sequences to acquire images in  
multi-buffer, single-shot, or continuous mode. An example of a low-level  
function is configuring an image sequence, since it requires advanced  
understanding of the image acquisition device and image acquisition  
principles.  
National Instruments Application Software  
This section describes the National Instruments application software  
packages you can use to analyze and process the images you acquire with  
the NI 1411.  
Vision Builder for Automated Inspection  
NI Vision Builder for Automated Inspection (AI) is configurable machine  
vision software that you can use to prototype, benchmark, and deploy  
applications. Vision Builder AI does not require programming, but is  
scalable to powerful programming environments.  
Vision Builder AI allows you to easily configure and benchmark a  
sequence of visual inspection steps, as well as deploy the visual inspection  
system for automated inspection. With Vision Builder AI, you can perform  
powerful visual inspection tasks and make decisions based on the results of  
individual tasks. You also can migrate the configured inspection to  
LabVIEW, extending the capabilities of the applications if necessary.  
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Chapter 1  
Introduction  
Vision Development Module  
The Vision Development Module is an image acquisition, processing, and  
analysis library of more than 270 functions for the following common  
machine vision tasks:  
Pattern matching  
Particle analysis  
Gauging  
Taking measurements  
Grayscale, color, and binary image display  
You can use the Vision Development Module functions individually or  
in combination. With the Vision Development Module, you can acquire,  
display, and store images, as well as perform image analysis, and  
processing. Using the Vision Development Module, imaging novices and  
experts can program the most basic or complicated image applications  
without knowledge of particular algorithm implementations.  
As a part of the Vision Development Module, NI Vision Assistant is an  
interactive prototyping tool for machine vision and scientific imaging  
developers. With Vision Assistant, you can prototype vision applications  
quickly and test how various vision image processing functions work.  
Vision Assistant generates a Builder file, which is a text description  
containing a recipe of the machine vision and image processing functions.  
This Builder file provides a guide you can use for developing applications  
in any ADE, such as LabWindows/CVI or Visual Basic, using the Vision  
Assistant machine vision and image processing libraries. Using the  
LabVIEW VI creation wizard, Vision Assistant can create LabVIEW VI  
block diagrams that perform the prototype you created in Vision Assistant.  
You then can use LabVIEW to add functionality to the generated VI.  
Integration with DAQ and Motion Control  
Platforms that support NI-IMAQ also support NI-DAQ and a variety of  
National Instruments DAQ devices. This allows integration between image  
acquisition devices and National Instruments DAQ products.  
Use National Instruments high-performance stepper and servo motion  
control products with pattern matching software in inspection and guidance  
applications, such as locating alignment markers on semiconductor wafers,  
guiding robotic arms, inspecting the quality of manufactured parts, and  
locating cells.  
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2
Hardware Overview  
This chapter presents an overview of the hardware functions on the  
NI 1411 and explains the operation of each functional unit making up  
the NI 1411.  
Functional Overview  
The NI 1411 features a flexible, high-speed data path optimized for the  
acquisition and formatting of video data from analog monochrome and  
color cameras.  
The block diagram in Figure 2-1 illustrates the key functional components  
of the NI 1411.  
LUT  
SDRAM  
PCI Interface  
and  
Scatter-Gather  
DMA  
IMAQ  
Color  
Space  
Processor  
Analog Video  
(BNC or S-Video)  
Video  
Decoder  
SDRAM  
Memory  
Interface  
Controller  
Acquisition, ROI,  
and Control  
External Trigger  
Figure 2-1. NI 1411 Block Diagram  
Video Acquisition  
The NI 1411 can acquire analog color video in a variety of modes and store  
the images in the onboard SDRAM memory or transfer the images directly  
to PCI system memory.  
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Chapter 2  
Hardware Overview  
Video Decoder  
The NI 1411 supports NTSC and PAL video standards in either composite  
or S-Video format. The onboard video decoder converts the incoming  
video signal to Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) data and passes this data to the  
color-space processor for further processing.  
The video decoder also allows you to control numerous parameters to  
optimize an acquisition. You can independently adjust parameters such  
as analog input range, brightness, contrast, saturation, or frequency range  
(controlled by different filters). Refer to the Measurement & Automation  
Explorer Help for NI-IMAQ for a complete description of the NI 1411  
video parameters.  
Furthermore, the video decoder strips out all necessary clock and  
synchronization signals included in the video signal and controls the  
acquisition conditions automatically. High-quality circuitry regenerates  
even bad timing signals allowing acquisitions from, for example, a video  
cassette recorder (VCR).  
Note The NI PCI-1411 revision C, NI PXI-1411 revision A, and all later revisions are  
factory calibrated to improve measurement accuracy and board-to-board consistency.  
Specifically, the luma gain and chroma gain have been calibrated. For detailed  
specifications of the NI 1411, refer to the Specifications section of Getting Started with the  
NI PXI/PCI-1411.  
Color-Space Processor and LUTs  
The color-space processor receives the RGB data from the video decoder  
and performs several different (optional) operations on the data before  
passing them to the memory controller. Processing functions include the  
following:  
Adjusting independent gain of the three signals (R, G, and B). You can  
use independent gain to perform, for example, white balancing on the  
acquired image.  
Applying three independent lookup tables (LUTs) to the R, G, and  
B data.  
Converting the RGB data into Hue, Saturation, and Luminance (HSL).  
Processing the hue plane to clear pixels where the saturation  
falls below a predefined threshold value. This function is called  
post-decoding coring. You can use this function to remove part of the  
image without color information (monochrome) that otherwise would  
introduce noise on the hue plane.  
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Hardware Overview  
The color-space processor can export the video data in 32-bit RGB or HSL  
formats or in individual 8-bit hue, saturation, or luminance planes. For  
more information on these image types, see the Image Representations  
section in Appendix A, Introduction to Color.  
SDRAM  
The NI 1411 comes with 16 MB of onboard high-speed synchronous  
dynamic RAM (SDRAM). The NI 1411 can use the onboard RAM as a  
first-in first-out (FIFO) buffer, transferring the image data as it is acquired  
or acquiring the image data into SDRAM and holding it for later transfer to  
main memory.  
Trigger Control and Mapping Circuitry  
The trigger control monitors and drives the external trigger line. You can  
configure this line to start an acquisition on a rising or falling edge and  
drive the line asserted or unasserted, similar to a digital I/O line. You can  
also map many of the NI 1411 status signals to this trigger line and program  
the trigger line in polarity and direction.  
Acquisition, Scaling, ROI  
The acquisition, scaling, and region-of-interest (ROI) circuitry monitors  
the incoming video signals and routes the active pixels to the SDRAM  
memory. The NI 1411 can perform ROI and scaling on all video lines and  
frames. Pixel and line scaling transfers certain multiples (two, four, or  
eight) of pixels and lines to onboard memory. In an ROI acquisition, you  
select an area within the acquisition window to transfer to the PCI bus.  
Scatter-Gather DMA Controllers  
The NI 1411 uses three independent onboard direct memory access (DMA)  
controllers. The DMA controllers transfer data between the onboard  
SDRAM memory buffers and the PCI bus. Each of these controllers  
supports scatter-gather DMA, which allows the DMA controller to  
reconfigure on-the-fly. Thus, the NI 1411 can perform continuous image  
transfers directly to either contiguous or fragmented memory buffers.  
Bus Master PCI Interface  
The NI 1411 implements the PCI interface with a National Instruments  
custom application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), the PCI MITE. The  
PCI interface can transfer data at a maximum rate of 132 Mbytes/s in  
bus master mode. The NI 1411 can generate 8-, 16-, and 32-bit memory  
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Chapter 2  
Hardware Overview  
read and write cycles, both single and multiple. In slave mode, the NI 1411  
is a medium-speed decoder that accepts both memory and configuration  
cycles. The interface logic ensures that the NI 1411 can meet PCI loading,  
driving, and timing requirements.  
Board Configuration NVRAM  
The NI 1411 contains onboard nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM) that  
configures all registers on power-up.  
Start Conditions  
The NI 1411 can start acquisitions in a variety of conditions:  
Software control—The NI 1411 supports software control of  
acquisition start. You can configure the NI 1411 to capture a fixed  
number of fields or frames. Use this configuration for capturing a  
single frame or a sequence of frames.  
Trigger controlYou can start an acquisition by enabling the  
external trigger line. This input can start a video acquisition on a rising  
or falling edge.  
Frame/field selection—With an interlaced camera and the NI 1411 in  
frame mode, you can program the NI 1411 to start an acquisition on  
any odd or even field.  
Acquisition Window Control  
You can configure numerous parameters on the NI 1411 to control the  
video acquisition window. A brief description of each parameter follows:  
Acquisition window—The NI 1411 allows you to specify a particular  
region of active pixels and active lines within the incoming video data.  
The active pixel region selects the starting pixel and number of pixels  
to be acquired relative to the assertion edge of the horizontal (or line)  
enable signal from the camera. The active line region selects the  
starting line and number of lines to be acquired relative to the assertion  
edge of the vertical (or frame) enable signal.  
Region of interestThe NI 1411 uses a second level of active pixel  
and active line regions for selecting a region of interest. When you  
disable the region-of-interest circuitry, the board stores the entire  
acquisition window into onboard or system memory. However, when  
you enable the region-of-interest circuitry, the board acquires only a  
selected subset of the image frame.  
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Scaling down—The scaling down circuitry also controls the active  
acquisition region. The NI 1411 can scale down a frame by reducing  
the number of pixels per line, the number of lines per frame, or both.  
For active pixel selection, the NI 1411 can select every pixel, every  
other pixel, every fourth pixel, or every eighth pixel. For active line  
selection, the NI 1411 can select every line, every other line, every  
fourth line, or every eighth line. You can use the scaling down circuitry  
in conjunction with the region-of-interest circuitry.  
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3
Signal Connections  
This chapter describes cable connections for the NI 1411.  
I/O Connector  
The NI 1411 uses one S-Video and two BNC connectors on the front panel  
to connect to video data inputs and the external trigger signal. Figure 3-1  
shows the position of the three connectors.  
VIDEO  
S-VIDEO  
TRIG  
Figure 3-1. NI 1411 Connectors  
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Chapter 3  
Signal Connections  
Signal Description  
Table 3-1 describes each signal connection on the NI 1411 device  
connectors:  
Table 3-1. I/O Connector Signals  
Signal Name  
VIDEO  
Description  
Composite Video—The signal allows you to make a referenced single-ended  
(RSE) connection to the video channel.  
S-VIDEO  
S-Video—A connector composed of two signals, as follows:  
Y—The Y signal of the S-Video connection contains the luma and  
synchronization information of the video signal.  
C—The C signal of the S-Video connection contains the chroma  
information of the video signal.  
TRIG  
GND  
External trigger—A TTL I/O line you can use to start an acquisition or to  
control external events. You can program the triggers to be rising or falling  
edge sensitive. You can also program the triggers to be programmatically  
asserted or unasserted similar to the function of a digital I/O line or to contain  
internal status signals (by using the onboard events).  
Ground—A direct connection to digital ground on the NI 1411.  
Custom Cables  
If you plan to make your own cables, refer to Figure 3-2 for the pin-out of  
the S-Video connector, as seen from the front of the NI 1411.  
GND  
C
Y
GND  
Figure 3-2. S-Video Connector Pin Assignments  
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A
Introduction to Color  
Color is the wavelength of the light we receive in our eye when we look at  
an object. In theory, the color spectrum is infinite. Humans, however, can  
see only a small portion of this spectrum—the portion that goes from the  
red edge of infrared light (the longest wavelength) to the blue edge of  
ultraviolet light (the shortest wavelength). This continuous spectrum is  
called the visible spectrum, as shown in Figure A-1.  
Figure A-1. White Light and the Visible Spectrum  
White light is a combination of all colors at once. The spectrum of white  
light is continuous and goes from ultraviolet to infrared in a smooth  
transition. You can represent a good approximation of white light by  
selecting a few reference colors and weighting them appropriately. The  
most common way to represent white light is to use three reference  
components, such as red, green, and blue (R, G, and B primaries). You can  
simulate most colors of the visible spectrum using these primaries. For  
example, video projectors use red, green, and blue light generators, and an  
RGB camera uses red, green, and blue sensors.  
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Appendix A  
Introduction to Color  
The perception of a color depends on many factors, such as:  
Hue, which is the perceived dominant color. Hue depends directly on  
the wavelength of a color.  
Saturation, which is dependent on the amount of white light present in  
a color. Pastels typically have a low saturation while very rich colors  
have a high saturation. For example, pink typically has a red hue but  
has a low saturation.  
Luminance, which is the brightness information in the video picture.  
The luminance signal amplitude varies in proportion to the brightness  
of the video signal and corresponds exactly to the monochrome  
picture.  
Intensity, which is the brightness of a color and which is usually  
expressed as light or dark. For example, orange and brown may have  
the same hue and saturation; however, orange has a greater intensity  
than brown.  
Image Representations  
Color images can be represented in several different formats. These formats  
can contain all color information from the image or they can consist of just  
one aspect of the color information, such as hue or luminance. The  
following image representations can be produced using the PCI/PXI-1411.  
RGB  
The most common image representation is 32-bit RGB format. In this  
representation, the three 8-bit color planes—red, green and blue—are  
packed into an array of 32-bit integers. This representation is useful for  
displaying the image on your monitor. The 32-bit integer organized as:  
0
RED  
GREEN  
BLUE  
where the high-order byte is not used and blue is the low-order byte.  
Color Planes  
Each color plane can be returned individually. The red, green, or blue plane  
is extracted from the RGB image and represented as an array of 8-bit  
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Appendix A  
Introduction to Color  
Hue, Saturation, Luminance, and Intensity Planes  
The 8-bit hue, saturation, luminance, and intensity planes can also be  
returned individually if you want to analyze the image.  
Luminance, Intensity, Hue, or Saturation are defined using the Red, Green,  
and Blue values in the following formulas:  
Luminance = 0.299 × Red + 0.587 × Green + 0.114 × Blue  
Intensity = (Red + Green + Blue) / 3  
Hue = arctangent (Y, X)  
where  
Y = (Green – Blue) / 2 and  
X = (2 × Red – Green – Blue) / 6  
3 × Min(R, G, B)  
Saturation = 255 × 1 -----------------------------------------  
R + G + B  
32-Bit HSL and HSI  
You can also pack the three 8-bit Hue, Saturation, and Luminance planes  
(HSL) or the three Hue, Saturation, and Intensity planes (HSI) in one array  
of 32-bit integers, which is equivalent to the 32-bit RGB representation.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
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B
Technical Support and  
Professional Services  
Visit the following sections of the National Instruments Web site at  
ni.com for technical support and professional services:  
Support—Online technical support resources at ni.com/support  
include the following:  
Self-Help Resources—For answers and solutions, visit the  
award-winning National Instruments Web site for software drivers  
and updates, a searchable KnowledgeBase, product manuals,  
step-by-step troubleshooting wizards, thousands of example  
programs, tutorials, application notes, instrument drivers, and  
so on.  
Free Technical Support—All registered users receive free Basic  
Service, which includes access to hundreds of Application  
Engineers worldwide in the NI Discussion Forums at  
ni.com/forums. National Instruments Application Engineers  
make sure every question receives an answer.  
For information about other technical support options in your  
area, visit ni.com/services or contact your local office at  
ni.com/contact.  
Training and Certification—Visit ni.com/training for  
self-paced training, eLearning virtual classrooms, interactive CDs,  
and Certification program information. You also can register for  
instructor-led, hands-on courses at locations around the world.  
System Integration—If you have time constraints, limited in-house  
technical resources, or other project challenges, National Instruments  
Alliance Partner members can help. To learn more, call your local  
NI office or visit ni.com/alliance.  
Declaration of Conformity (DoC)—A DoC is our claim of  
compliance with the Council of the European Communities using  
the manufacturer’s declaration of conformity. This system affords  
the user protection for electronic compatibility (EMC) and product  
safety. You can obtain the DoC for your product by visiting  
ni.com/certification.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
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Appendix B  
Technical Support and Professional Services  
Calibration Certificate—If your product supports calibration,  
you can obtain the calibration certificate for your product at  
ni.com/calibration.  
If you searched ni.com and could not find the answers you need, contact  
your local office or NI corporate headquarters. Phone numbers for our  
worldwide offices are listed at the front of this manual. You also can visit  
the Worldwide Offices section of ni.com/niglobal to access the branch  
office Web sites, which provide up-to-date contact information, support  
phone numbers, email addresses, and current events.  
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Glossary  
Symbol  
Prefix  
pico  
Value  
10–12  
10–9  
10– 6  
10–3  
103  
p
n
nano  
micro  
milli  
kilo  
μ
m
k
M
G
T
mega  
giga  
106  
109  
tera  
1012  
Symbols  
+
Positive of, or plus.  
Per.  
/
Ω
Ohm.  
Plus or minus.  
Negative of, or minus.  
A
A
Amperes.  
AC  
Alternating current.  
acquisition window  
active line region  
The image size specific to a video standard or camera resolution.  
The region of lines actively being stored. Defined by a line start (relative to  
the vertical synchronization signal) and a line count.  
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Glossary  
active pixel region  
The region of pixels actively being stored. Defined by a pixel start (relative  
to the horizontal synchronization signal) and a pixel count.  
address  
API  
Value that identifies a specific location (or series of locations) in memory.  
Application programming interface.  
area  
A rectangular portion of an acquisition window or frame that is controlled  
and defined by software.  
array  
Ordered, indexed set of data elements of the same type.  
ASIC  
Application-Specific Integrated Circuit. A proprietary semiconductor  
component designed and manufactured to perform a set of specific  
functions for specific customer needs.  
B
b
Bit. One binary digit, either 0 or 1.  
B
Byte. Eight related bits of data, an eight-bit binary number; also used to  
denote the amount of memory required to store one byte of data  
brightness  
A constant that is added to the red, green, and blue components of a color  
pixel during the color decoding process.  
buffer  
bus  
Temporary storage for acquired data.  
A group of conductors that interconnect individual circuitry in a computer,  
such as the PCI bus; typically the expansion vehicle to which I/O or other  
devices are connected.  
C
cache  
High-speed processor memory that buffers commonly used instructions or  
data to increase processing throughput.  
CMOS  
Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor.  
color space  
The mathematical representation for a color. For example, color can be  
described in terms of red, green, and blue; hue, saturation, and luma; or hue,  
saturation, and intensity.  
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Glossary  
composite video  
contrast  
A type of color video transmission where synchronization, luma, and  
chroma information are transmitted on one analog signal.  
A constant multiplication factor applied to the luma and chroma  
components of a color pixel in the color decoding process.  
coring  
The process of eliminating color information in low-color situations  
(if the saturation is lower than a predefined value).  
CPU  
Central processing unit.  
D
DAQ  
Data acquisition. (1) Collecting and measuring electrical signals from  
sensors, transducers, and test probes or fixtures and inputting them to a  
computer for processing. (2) Collecting and measuring the same kinds of  
electrical signals with A/D or DIO boards plugged into a computer, and  
possibly generating control signals with D/A and/or DIO boards in the  
same computer.  
dB  
Decibel. The unit for expressing a logarithmic measure of the ratio of  
two signal levels: dB = 20log10 V1/V2, for signals in volts.  
DC  
Direct current.  
default setting  
A default parameter value recorded in the driver; in many cases, the default  
input of a control is a certain value (often 0) that means use the current  
default setting.  
DMA  
Direct memory access. A method by which data can be transferred to and  
from computer memory from and to a device or memory on the bus while  
the processor does something else; DMA is the fastest method of  
transferring data to/from computer memory.  
DRAM  
drivers  
Dynamic RAM.  
Software that controls a specific hardware device, such as an image  
acquisition board.  
dynamic range  
The ratio of the largest signal level a circuit can handle to the smallest  
signal level it can handle (usually taken to be the noise level), normally  
expressed in decibels.  
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Glossary  
E
EEPROM  
Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory. ROM that can be  
erased with an electrical signal and reprogrammed.  
external trigger  
A voltage pulse from an external source that triggers an event such as  
A/D conversion.  
F
field  
For an interlaced video signal, a field is half the number of horizontal  
lines needed to represent a frame of video. The first field of a frame  
contains all the odd-numbered lines, the second field contains all of the  
even-numbered lines.  
FIFO  
frame  
First-in first-out memory buffer. The first data stored is the first data sent  
to the acceptor; FIFOs are used on image acquisition devices to temporarily  
store incoming data until that data can be retrieved.  
A complete image. In interlaced formats, a frame is composed of two fields.  
G
gamma  
The nonlinear change in the difference between the video signal’s  
brightness level and the voltage level needed to produce that brightness.  
genlock  
Circuitry that aligns the video timing signals by locking together the  
horizontal, vertical, and color subcarrier frequencies and phases and  
generates a pixel clock to clock pixel data into memory for display or into  
another circuit for processing.  
H
HSI  
Color encoding scheme in Hue, Saturation, and Intensity.  
HSL  
Color encoding scheme using Hue, Saturation, and Luma information  
where each image in the pixel is encoded using 32 bits: 8 bits for hue,  
8 bits for saturation, 8 bits for luma, and 8 unused bits.  
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Glossary  
HSYNC  
Horizontal synchronization signal. The synchronization pulse signal  
produced at the beginning of each video scan line that keeps a video  
monitor’s horizontal scan rate in step with the transmission of each new  
line.  
hue  
Represents the dominant color of a pixel. The hue function is a continuous  
function that covers all the possible colors generated using the R, G, and  
B primaries. See also RGB.  
hue offset  
Rotates the Hue plane with a specified offset angle. The hue value of a pixel  
is defined as an angle in the normal color plane. You can offset this angle  
to move the discontinuity point (at 0 modulo 360°) to another angle value.  
The range is –180° to +180° with a default of 0°.  
Hz  
Hertz. Frequency in units of 1/second.  
I
I/O  
Input/output. The transfer of data to/from a computer system involving  
communications channels, operator interface devices, and/or data  
acquisition and control interfaces.  
IC  
Integrated circuit.  
IEEE  
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.  
Inches.  
in.  
instrument driver  
A set of high-level software functions, such as NI-IMAQ, that control  
specific plug-in computer boards. Instrument drivers are available in  
several forms, ranging from a function callable from a programming  
language to a virtual instrument (VI) in LabVIEW.  
intensity  
The sum of the Red, Green, and Blue primaries divided by three:  
(Red + Green + Blue)/3.  
interlaced  
interrupt  
A video frame composed of two interleaved fields. The number of lines in  
a field are half the number of lines in an interlaced frame.  
A computer signal indicating that the CPU should suspend its current task  
to service a designated activity.  
interrupt level  
The relative priority at which a device can interrupt.  
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Glossary  
IRQ  
Interrupt request. See interrupt.  
K
k
Kilo. The standard metric prefix for 1,000, or 103, used with units of  
measure such as volts, hertz, and meters.  
K
Kilo. The prefix for 1,024, or 210, used with B in quantifying data or  
computer memory.  
kbytes/s  
Kword  
A unit for data transfer that means 1,000 or 103 bytes/s.  
1,024 words of memory.  
L
line count  
The total number of horizontal lines in the picture.  
Least significant bit.  
LSB  
luma  
The brightness information in the video picture. The luma signal amplitude  
varies in proportion to the brightness of the video signal and corresponds  
exactly to the monochrome picture.  
luminance  
LUT  
See luma.  
Lookup table. Table containing values used to transform the gray-level  
values of an image. For each gray-level value in the image, the  
corresponding new value is obtained from the lookup table.  
M
m
Meters.  
M
(1) Mega, the standard metric prefix for 1 million or 106, when used with  
units of measure such as volts and hertz; (2) mega, the prefix for 1,048,576,  
or 220, when used with B to quantify data or computer memory.  
MB  
Megabyte of memory.  
Mbytes/s  
memory buffer  
A unit for data transfer that means 1 million or 106 bytes/s.  
See buffer.  
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Glossary  
memory window  
Continuous blocks of memory that can be accessed quickly by changing  
addresses on the local processor.  
MSB  
MTBF  
mux  
Most significant bit.  
Mean time between failure.  
Multiplexer. A switching device with multiple inputs that selectively  
connects one of its inputs to its output.  
N
NI-IMAQ  
Driver software for National Instruments image acquisition hardware.  
noninterlaced  
A video frame where all the lines are scanned sequentially, instead of  
divided into two frames as in an interlaced video frame.  
NTSC  
National Television Standards Committee. The committee that developed  
the color video standard used primarily in North America, which uses  
525 lines per frame. See also PAL.  
NVRAM  
Nonvolatile RAM. RAM that is not erased when a device loses power or is  
turned off.  
O
operating system  
Base-level software that controls a computer, runs programs, interacts with  
users, and communicates with installed hardware or peripheral devices.  
P
PAL  
Phase Alternation Line. One of the European video color standards; uses  
625 lines per frame. See also NTSC.  
PCI  
Peripheral Component Interconnect. A high-performance expansion bus  
architecture originally developed by Intel to replace ISA and EISA. PCI  
offers a theoretical maximum transfer rate of 132 Mbytes/s.  
pixel  
Picture element. The smallest division that makes up the video scan line;  
for display on a computer monitor, a pixel’s optimum dimension is square  
(aspect ratio of 1:1, or the width equal to the height).  
pixel clock  
Divides the incoming horizontal video line into pixels.  
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Glossary  
pixel count  
PLL  
The total number of pixels between two horizontal synchronization signals.  
The pixel count determines the frequency of the pixel clock.  
Phase-locked loop. Circuitry that provides a very stable pixel clock that is  
referenced to another signal, for example, an incoming horizontal  
synchronization signal.  
protocol  
pts  
The exact sequence of bits, characters, and control codes used to  
transfer data between computers and peripherals through a  
communications channel.  
Points.  
R
RAM  
Random-access memory.  
real time  
A property of an event or system in which data is processed as it is acquired  
instead of being accumulated and processed at a later time.  
relative accuracy  
resolution  
A measure in LSB of the accuracy of an ADC; it includes all nonlinearity  
and quantization errors but does not include offset and gain errors of the  
circuitry feeding the ADC.  
The smallest signal increment that can be detected by a measurement  
system. Resolution can be expressed in bits, in proportions, or in percent  
of full scale. For example, a system has 12-bit resolution, one part in 4,096  
resolution, and 0.0244 percent of full scale.  
RGB  
ROI  
Color encoding scheme using red, green, and blue (RGB) color information  
where each pixel in the color image is encoded using 32 bits: 8 bits for red,  
8 bits for green, 8 bits for blue, and 8 bits for the alpha value (unused).  
Region of interest. A hardware-programmable rectangular portion of the  
acquisition window.  
ROM  
RS-170  
RSE  
Read-only memory.  
The U.S. standard used for black-and-white television.  
Referenced single-ended. All measurements are made with respect to a  
common reference measurement system or a ground. Also called a  
grounded measurement system.  
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Glossary  
S
S-Video  
A type of color video transmission where timing and luma information are  
transmitted on one analog signal and chroma is transmitted on a separate  
analog signal.  
saturation  
The amount of white added to a pure color. Saturation relates to the richness  
of a color. A saturation of zero corresponds to a pure color with no white  
added. Pink is a red with low saturation.  
scaling down circuitry  
scatter-gather DMA  
SDRAM  
Circuitry that scales down the resolution of a video signal.  
A type of DMA that allows the DMA controller to reconfigure on-the-fly.  
Synchronous dynamic RAM.  
SRAM  
Static RAM.  
sync  
Tells the display where to put a video picture. The horizontal sync indicates  
the picture’s left-to-right placement and the vertical sync indicates  
top-to-bottom placement.  
system RAM  
RAM installed on a personal computer and used by the operating system,  
as contrasted with onboard RAM.  
T
transfer rate  
The rate, measured in bytes/s, at which data is moved from source to  
destination after software initialization and set up operations. The  
maximum rate at which the hardware can operate.  
trigger  
Any event that causes or starts some form of data capture.  
trigger control and  
mapping circuitry  
Circuitry that routes, monitors, and drives external and RTSI bus trigger  
lines. You can configure each of these lines to start or stop acquisition on a  
rising or falling edge.  
TTL  
Transistor-transistor logic.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
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Glossary  
V
VCO  
Voltage-controlled oscillator. An oscillator that changes frequency  
depending on a control signal; used in a PLL to generate a stable  
pixel clock.  
VI  
Virtual Instrument. (1) A combination of hardware and/or software  
elements, typically used with a PC, that has the functionality of a classic  
stand-alone instrument (2) A LabVIEW software module (VI), which  
consists of a front panel user interface and a block diagram program.  
VSYNC  
Vertical synchronization signal. The synchronization pulse generated at the  
beginning of each video field that tells the video monitor when to start a  
new field.  
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Index  
A
acquisition  
circuitry, 2-3  
start conditions, 2-4  
D
Declaration of Conformity (NI resources), B-1  
diagnostic tools (NI resources), B-1  
DMA controllers, scatter-gather, 2-3  
documentation  
acquisition window, 2-4  
application software  
NI resources, B-1  
drivers (NI resources), B-1  
B
bus master PCI interface, 2-3  
examples (NI resources), B-1  
C
cables, custom, 3-2  
functional overview, 2-1  
calibration certificate (NI resources), B-2  
color overview  
intensity planes, A-3  
RGB, A-2  
hardware overview  
acquisition window control, 2-4  
acquisition, scaling, ROI, 2-3  
block diagram of NI 1411, 2-1  
board configuration NVRAM, 2-4  
bus master PCI interface, 2-3  
color-space processor and LUTs, 2-2  
functional overview, 2-1  
perception of color, A-2  
visible spectrum (figure), A-1  
color planes, A-2  
color-space processor and LUTs, 2-2  
CompactPCI, using with PXI, 1-2  
configuration  
acquisition window control, 2-4  
board configuration NVRAM, 2-4  
scatter-gather DMA controllers, 2-3  
SDRAM, 2-3  
© National Instruments Corporation  
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Index  
start conditions, 2-4  
trigger control and mapping circuitry, 2-3  
video acquisition, 2-1  
planes, A-3  
help, technical support, B-1  
hue  
M
mapping circuitry and trigger control, 2-3  
memory  
32-bit HSL and HSI, A-3  
definition, A-2  
board configuration NVRAM, 2-4  
hue, saturation, luminance, and intensity  
planes, A-3  
motion control, integrating with, 1-4  
I
NI 1411  
color planes, A-2  
See also hardware overview  
overview, 1-1  
planes, A-3  
software programming choices, 1-2  
using PXI with CompactPCI, 1-2  
NI support and services, B-1  
NTSC video standard, 2-2  
NVRAM, 2-4  
RGB, A-2  
integration with DAQ and motion control, 1-4  
intensity  
32-bit HSL and HSI, A-3  
definition, A-2  
hue, saturation, luminance, and intensity  
planes, A-3  
P
PAL video standard, 2-2  
K
post-decoding coring, 2-2  
L
RAM  
LabVIEW  
migrating inspection from Vision Builder  
AI, 1-3  
board configuration NVRAM, 2-4  
SDRAM, 2-3  
region of interest  
acquisition, scaling, and ROI  
circuitry, 2-3  
look-up-tables (LUTs), 2-2  
luminance  
32-bit HSL and HSI, A-3  
definition, A-2  
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Index  
training and certification (NI resources), B-1  
S
saturation  
definition, A-2  
planes, A-3  
scaling down circuitry, 2-5  
scatter-gather DMA controllers, 2-3  
SDRAM, 2-3  
video acquisition, 2-1  
video decoder, 2-2  
video standards, 2-2  
signal connections  
Vision Builder AI, migrating to LabVIEW, 1-3  
custom cables, 3-2  
I/O connector (figure), 3-1  
signal description (table), 3-2  
software (NI resources), B-1  
software programming choices  
NI Vision, 1-4  
NI-IMAQ driver software, 1-2  
Vision Builder AI, 1-3  
start conditions, 2-4  
support, technical, B-1  
S-VIDEO signal (table), 3-2  
© National Instruments Corporation  
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